The ODBC Driver on Linux and macOS before version 17.6 only supports Azure Active Directory authentication directly against Azure Active Directory. If you are using Azure Active Directory username/password authentication from a Linux or macOS client and your Active Directory configuration requires the client to authenticate against an Active Directory Federation Services endpoint, authentication may fail. As of driver version 17.6, this limitation has been removed.
Act Odbc Driver For Mac
As of driver version 17.9, the interactive authentication behavior has changed. Users will always be prompted for credentials unless the driver has a valid access token cached. This change prevents users on Azure Active Directory joined devices from skipping the prompt and automatically signing in with cached credentials when using ActiveDirectoryInteractive authentication.
The SQL_COPT_SS_ACCESS_TOKEN pre-connection attribute allows the use of an access token obtained from Azure AD for authentication instead of username and password, and also bypasses the negotiation and obtaining of an access token by the driver. To use an access token, set the SQL_COPT_SS_ACCESS_TOKEN connection attribute to a pointer to an ACCESSTOKEN structure:
Starting with version 17.6, the drivers for Linux and macOS support authentication using Azure Active Directory ADFS-federated accounts using either username/password (ActiveDirectoryPassword) or Kerberos (ActiveDirectoryIntegrated). There are some limitations dependent on the platform when using Integrated mode.
When authenticating with a user whose UPN suffix is different from the Kerberos realm, that is, an alternate UPN suffix is in use, it's necessary to use the Enterprise Principal option (use the -E option with kinit, and supply the principal name in the form user@federated-domain) when obtaining Kerberos tickets. This way, the driver can correctly determine both the federated domain and the Kerberos realm.
Our ODBC drivers support unixODBC and iODBC, the most popular driver managers for Unix/Linux environments and Mac OS X, giving you unprecedented access to your Big Data, NoSQL, and SaaS sources from ODBC-capable tools and applications, no matter what operating system you use. This article will walk you through the installation and configuration of any of our ODBC drivers on Mac OS X, Red Hat Linux, and Debian-based Linux environments like Ubuntu. The ODBC Driver for Salesforce is used as an example.
The unixODBC driver manager reads information about drivers from an odbcinst.ini file and about data sources from an odbc.ini file. You can determine the location of the configuration files on your system by entering the following command into a terminal:
The output of the command will display the locations of the configuration files for ODBC data sources and registered ODBC drivers. User data sources can only be accessed by the user account whose home folder the odbc.ini is located in. System data sources can be accessed by all users. Below is an example of the output of this command:
Define the required connection properties in sections of an odbc.ini file. The section name is the DSN. Refer to the "Getting Started" section in the help documentation for more information on the connection properties needed to connect to your data source.
There are several options for user-friendly interfaces when it comes to configuring ODBC data sources on Mac OS X. However, a GUI still relies on an ODBC driver manager. The CData ODBC drivers are preconfigured for the iODBC driver manager, as are many other products like Filemaker Pro and Microsoft Excel for Mac. This makes the driver easy to use with these tools.
Another driver manager, unixODBC, is widely supported by scripting languages like Python and Ruby. For a guide to creating and testing DSNs with unixODBC, see the "Getting Started" section in the help documentation.
Installing a CData ODBC Driver registers the driver with the iODBC driver manager, so the only remaining step is to use the iODBC Administrator to supply the necessary connection properties in a DSN. The driver installation automatically creates a system DSN. System DSNs can be accessed by all users, while user DSNs can only be accessed by a single user. However, modifying a system DSN requires elevated permissions.
While it is recommended that you use the iODBC Administrator GUI to create ODBC data sources, you can also modify the configuration files of the iODBC driver manager. The iODBC driver manager uses the following files:
ODBC accomplishes DBMS independence by using an ODBC driver as a translation layer between the application and the DBMS. The application uses ODBC functions through an ODBC driver manager with which it is linked, and the driver passes the query to the DBMS. An ODBC driver can be thought of as analogous to a printer driver or other driver, providing a standard set of functions for the application to use, and implementing DBMS-specific functionality. An application that can use ODBC is referred to as "ODBC-compliant". Any ODBC-compliant application can access any DBMS for which a driver is installed. Drivers exist for all major DBMSs, many other data sources like address book systems and Microsoft Excel, and even for text or comma-separated values (CSV) files.
MS continued working with the original SQLC standard, retaining many of the advanced features that were removed from the CLI version. These included features like scrollable cursors, and metadata information queries. The commands in the API were split into groups; the Core group was identical to the CLI, the Level 1 extensions were commands that would be easy to implement in drivers, while Level 2 commands contained the more advanced features like cursors. A proposed standard was released in December 1991, and industry input was gathered and worked into the system through 1992, resulting in yet another name change to ODBC.[9]
During this time, Microsoft was in the midst of developing their Jet database system. Jet combined three primary subsystems; an ISAM-based database engine (also named Jet, confusingly), a C-based interface allowing applications to access that data, and a selection of driver dynamic-link libraries (DLL) that allowed the same C interface to redirect input and output to other ISAM-based databases, like Paradox and xBase. Jet allowed using one set of calls to access common microcomputer databases in a fashion similar to Blueprint, by then renamed DataLens. However, Jet did not use SQL; like DataLens, the interface was in C and consisted of data structures and function calls.
The SAG standardization efforts presented an opportunity for Microsoft to adapt their Jet system to the new CLI standard. This would not only make Windows a premier platform for CLI development, but also allow users to use SQL to access both Jet and other databases as well. What was missing was the SQL parser that could convert those calls from their text form into the C-interface used in Jet. To solve this, MS partnered with PageAhead Software to use their existing query processor, SIMBA. SIMBA was used as a parser above Jet's C library, turning Jet into an SQL database. And because Jet could forward those C-based calls to other databases, this also allowed SIMBA to query other systems. Microsoft included drivers for Excel to turn its spreadsheet documents into SQL-accessible database tables.[10]
ODBC 1.0 was released in September 1992.[11] At the time, there was little direct support for SQL databases (versus ISAM), and early drivers were noted for poor performance. Some of this was unavoidable due to the path that the calls took through the Jet-based stack; ODBC calls to SQL databases were first converted from Simba Technologies's SQL dialect to Jet's internal C-based format, then passed to a driver for conversion back into SQL calls for the database. Digital Equipment and Oracle both contracted Simba Technologies to develop drivers for their databases as well.[12]
Circa 1993, OpenLink Software shipped one of the first independently developed third-party ODBC drivers, for the PROGRESS DBMS,[13] and soon followed with their UDBC (a cross-platform API equivalent of ODBC and the SAG/CLI) SDK and associated drivers for PROGRESS, Sybase, Oracle, and other DBMS, for use on Unix-like OS (AIX, HP-UX, Solaris, Linux, etc.), VMS, Windows NT, OS/2, and other OS.[14]
Over time, database vendors took over the driver interfaces and provided direct links to their products. Skipping the intermediate conversions to and from Jet or similar wrappers often resulted in higher performance. However, by then Microsoft had changed focus to their OLE DB[17] concept (recently reinstated [18]), which provided direct access to a wider variety of data sources from address books to text files. Several new systems followed which further turned their attention from ODBC, including ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) and ADO.net, which interacted more or less with ODBC over their lifetimes.
Sun Microsystems used the ODBC system as the basis for their own open standard, Java Database Connectivity (JDBC). In most ways, JDBC can be considered a version of ODBC for the programming language Java instead of C. JDBC-to-ODBC bridges allow Java-based programs to access data sources through ODBC drivers on platforms lacking a native JDBC driver, although these are now relatively rare. Inversely, ODBC-to-JDBC bridges allow C-based programs to access data sources through JDBC drivers on platforms or from databases lacking suitable ODBC drivers.
ODBC remains in wide use today, with drivers available for most platforms and most databases. It is not uncommon to find ODBC drivers for database engines that are meant to be embedded, like SQLite, as a way to allow existing tools to act as front-ends to these engines for testing and debugging.[21]
ODBC is based on the device driver model, where the driver encapsulates the logic needed to convert a standard set of commands and functions into the specific calls required by the underlying system. For instance, a printer driver presents a standard set of printing commands, the API, to applications using the printing system. Calls made to those APIs are converted by the driver into the format used by the actual hardware, say PostScript or PCL. 2ff7e9595c
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